Biology 225

Exam 2 Objectives

Lecture 8 Microbial Genetics

Introductin and Terms

1. Define genetics.
2. Define:

ß Genotype

ß Phenotype

ß Gene

Structure and Function of Genetic Material

3. Describe the DNA molecule.
4. Define.

ß Antiparallel strands

ß Sense or coding strand

ß Antisense or non-coding strand

5. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.

DNA Replication

6. Describe DNA replication in detail.
7. Differentiate the 5πend of a DNA molecule from the 3πend.
8. Define:

ß DNA directed DNA polymerase

ß RNA polymerase

ß RNA primer

ß Leading strand

ß Lagging strand

ß DNA ligase

Gene Expression: Transcription and Translation

9. Define:

ß DNA directed RNA polymerase

ß mRNA

ß rRNA

ß tRNA

ß Promoter

ß Terminator

ß Exon

ß Intron

10. Describe the transcription of DNA to RNA.
11. Describe the translation of RNA into protein.

Genetic Code

12. Define:

∑ Genetic code

∑ Codon

∑ Anticodon

∑ Sense codon

∑ Nonsense codon

13. Using a codon chart give the following from a given DNA sense strand sequence.

∑ The antisense strand

∑ The mRNA strand

∑ The sequence of amino acids coded for

∑ The anticodons (tRNA) for each codon it the tRNA exists.

Regulation of Gene Expression

14. Define:

∑ Inducible enzyme

∑ Repressible enzyme

15. Describe the following operon models and explain how they control the production of proteins:

∑ Lac operon

∑ Tryptophan operon

Mutations

16. Define mutation.
17. List the different types of mutations.
18. Explain how mutations affect cell function.
19. Given the codons (mRNA) for specific amino acids and the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA determine the effect of a:

∑ Substitution type mutation

∑ Frame shift mutation (addition or deletion)

20. Distinguish between a missense mutation and a nonsense mutation.
21. List the possible causes of mutations.
22. Describe how mutant organisms can be identified.
23. Explain how mutant microorganisms can be used to detect chemical carcinogens.

Genetic Transfer and Recombination

24. Define and describe the following:

ß Genetic recombination

ß Crossing-over

ß Transformation

ß Conjugation

ß Tranduction

ß Plasmid

ß Transposons

25. Explain the importance of plasmids.

Lecture 9 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology

Introduction

1. Define:

ß Recombinant DNA technology

ß Genetic engineering

Recombinant DNA Technology

2. Describe generally the procedures used in DNA technology.
3. Define:

ß Vector

ß Clone

ß DNA polymerase

ß Protoplast fusion

ß Gene libraries

ß cDNA

ß Synthetic DNA

4. Define restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in the production of recombinant DNA.
5. Outline the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and describe its purpose and use.
6. List and describe six ways that foreign DNA can be inserted into cells.
7. List sources of previously harvested DNA (genes).
8. List two ways by which a clone can be selected.
9. Define DNA probe and describe how DNA probes can be used to find DNA of interest.
10. Explain how a bacterial cell can be caused to produce substances (gene products) not naturally produced by the cell.

Recombinant DNA Technology: Applications

11. Give specific examples of the following applications of genetic engineering:

ß Therapeutic applications

ß Scientific applications

ß Agricultural applications

12. Outline the Southern blotting procedure and describe its use.

Lecture 10 Classification of Microorganisms

Taxonomy

1. Define taxonomy.
2. Give two reasons why organisms are arranged in taxonomic groups.
3. List the three domains; give the characteristics of each, and the kinds of organisms found in each.

Classification

4. Define binomial nomenclature and give a microbial example.
5. Give the order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific (taxonomic hierarchy).
6. Define

ß Genus

ß Species (bacterial species)

ß Strain

7. List the four eukaryotic kingdoms and give the characteristics of each.

Methods of Classification and Identification

8. Define and describe the uses of:

ß Colonial morphology

ß Cell morphology

ß Differential staining

ß The Gram stain

ß The Acid-Fast stain.

ß Biochemical tests

ß Serology

ß Phage typing

ß Fatty Acid Profiles

ß Flow Cytometry

ß DNA Base Composition

ß DNA Fingerprinting

ß Ribosomal RNA Sequencing

ß Polymerase Chain Reaction

ß Nucleic Acid Hybridization

ß Dichotomous Keys

ß Cladograms

9. Describe the basis of

ß Biochemical tests

ß Serology.

ß Phage typing

Lecture 11 Bacteria

1. Identify the following types of medically important bacteria:

Gram-Negative Bacteria

∑ Gram-negative rods related to the enteric tract

∑ Gram-negative rods related to the respiratory tract

∑ Gram-negative rods related to the animal sources (zoonotic organisms)

∑ Gram-negative anaerobic rods

∑ Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods

∑ Gram-negative aerobic rods

∑ Gram-negative vibrio

∑ Gram-negative spirilla

∑ Gram-negative spirochetes

∑ Gram-negative cocci (aerobic and anaerobic)

∑ Rickettsiae

∑ Chlamydiae

Gram –Positive Bacteria

∑ Gram-positive endospore-forming rods

∑ Gram-positive non-endospore forming rods

∑ Gram-positive aerobic rods

∑ Gram-positive anaerobic rods

∑ Gram-positive cocci (aerobic and anaerobic)

∑ Actinomycetes

∑ Mycoplasmas

2. Indicate which bacteria from the above are:

∑ Not readily gram-stained

∑ Intracellular parasites

∑ Lack cell walls

∑ Acid fast

Lecture 12 Fungi, Algae, Protozoans and Helminths

Microbial Cellular Organization

1. Describe the cellular organization among the following groups:

ß Bacteria

ß Fungi

ß Protozoans

ß Helminths

Fungi

2. List the two kinds of organisms included in the Kingdom Fungi and give examples of each.
3. Define dimorphism.
4. Describe:

ß Reproduction in fungi

ß Nutritional adaptations of fungi

5. List the kinds of spores produced by fungi
6. Explain why fungi are often responsible for the decomposition of plant material.
7. Identify the type of media used to culture fungi.
8. Explain how bacterial growth can be inhibited in fungal media.
9. List the four medically important groups of fungi, give the characteristics of each, and important examples.
10. List the:

∑ Types fungal diseases

∑ Principal fungal opportunistic pathogens

Algae

11. List the:

ß Characteristics of algae

ß Biological roles of algae

12. Describe the

ß Vegetative structures of algae

ß General life cycle of algae

ß How algae obtain nutrition

13. List and describe the five major phyla of algae.
14. Describe domoic acid intoxication.

Protozoans

15. List the:

ß Characteristics of protozoans

ß The two forms of protozoans

16. Describe:

ß The life cycles of protozoans

ß How protozoans obtain nutrition

17. List and give the characteristics of the major phyla of protozoans.
18. List the important pathogenic protozoans in each phylum and the disease that they cause.

Helminths

19. Give the characteristics of

ß Helminthes

ß Phylum Platyhelminthes

ß Trematodes (Class Trematoda)

ß Cestodes (Class Cestoda)

ß Phylum Nematoda (nematodes)

20. Define:

∑ Hermaphroditic

∑ Dioecious

∑ Definitive host

∑ Intermediate host

21. List the important trematode parasites.
22. Describe the life cycle of a typical trematode parasite (Paragonimus westermani)
23. Explain how:

ß Trematode parasites are generally communicated to humans

ß The lung fluke gains entry to the human body

24. List the important cestode parasites.
25. Describe the stages in the life cycle of a cestode.
26. Explain how:

ß Cestodes gain entry to the human body

ß Cestodes obtain nutrition

27. List the important nematode parasites.
28. Explain how nematodes especially pinworms and hookworms gain entry to the human body.

Arthropod Vectors

29. Define vector and list the two types.
30. Explain how arthropods transmit diseases.

Lecture 13 Viruses

Introduction

1. Define virus.
2. List the characteristics of viruses.
3. Describe the

ß Composition of a virus

ß Location of viral multiplication

ß Host range viruses

4. Explain what determines viral host range.
5. List the three kinds of viruses according to type of hosts.

Viral Structure

6. Define:

∑ Virion

∑ Capsid

∑ Capsomere

∑ Protomere

7. Describe

∑ The nucleic acid content of a virus

∑ Viral envelopes

∑ Viral spikes

8. Differentiate between an enveloped and a naked virus.
9. List the:

∑ Two kinds of viral spikes

∑ Five morphological types of viruses

DNA Viruses

10. List the six families of DNA viruses and give medically important examples of each family.

RNA Viruses

11. List the fourteen families of RNA viruses and give medically important examples of each family.

Isolation, Cultivation and Identification

12. Define:

∑ Phage (bacteriophage)

∑ Plaque

13. Describe how the following are cultured in the laboratory:

∑ Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages)

∑ Animal viruses

14. Differentiate among primary, diploid and continuous cell lines.
15. List the major methods used for viral identification.

Viral Multiplication

16. Define:

∑ Lysogeny

∑ Prophage

17. Describe viral multiplication in bacteriophages.
18. Differentiate between the lytic cycle and lysogeny.
19. List the:

ß Outcomes of lysogeny

ß Steps in the multiplication of animal viruses in the proper sequence and describe what occurs in each step

20. Describe:

ß The function of spikes

ß How enveloped ands nonenveloped viruses are released from host cells

ß How enveloped viruses obtain their envelopes

21. Identify the site of viral protein synthesis.
22. Explain the importance of reverse transcriptase and describe what occurs in the biosynthesis of a virus with reverse transcriptase.

Effects of Animal Viral Infection on Host Cells

23. Describe the effects of viruses on host cells.

Viruses and Cancer

24. Define:

∑ Tumor

∑ Oncogene

25. List:

∑ The two kinds of tumors

∑ The characteristics of malignant tumors

∑ Examples of oncogenic viruses

26. Describe:

∑ The importance of the Epstein-Barr virus

∑ The activation of oncogenes

Latent and Persistent Viral Infections

27. Differentiate among and give examples of each of the following:

∑ Latent viral infections

∑ Late complications of an acute viral infection

∑ Persistent viral infections (slow viral infections)

Unconventional Agents of Disease

28. List:

∑ Two kinds of unconventional agents of disease

∑ Plant diseases caused by unconventional agents

∑ Animal diseases caused by unconventional agents

∑ Human diseases caused by unconventional agents