Study Questions Exam 3
1. Identify the 3 types of joints by functional classification. Describe the range of motion (if any) from each joint. Give an example of each type.
2. Identify the 3 types of fibrous joints. What is the general functional classification of these joints (see question #1)?
3. Distinguish among the 3 types of fibrous joints. Give an example of each.
4. Identify the 2 types of cartilagenous joints. What is the general functional classification of these joints (see question #1)?
5. Distinguish between the 2 types of cartilagenous joints. Give an example of each.
6. Describe the structure of a synovial joint. Define: articular cartilage; joint cavity; articular capsule; synovial fluid.
7. Define: menisci; bursae; tendon sheaths. What types of joints are likely to have these structures associated with them?
8. What types of factors stabilize synovial joints? Which factor is most critical in stabilization?
9. For the following types of synovial joints, indicate the type of movement allowed from the joint & give an example: plane joint; hinge joint; pivot joint.
10. For the following types of synovial joints, indicate the type of movement allowed from the joint & give an example: condyloid joint; saddle joint; ball & socket joint.
Movements at Synovial Joints
11. Define the following joint movements: flexion; extension; hyperextension; dorsiflexion; plantar flexion.
12. Define the following joint movements: abduction; adduction; circumduction; rotation.
13. Define the following joint movements: supination; pronation; inversion; eversion.
14. Define the following joint movements: protraction; retraction; elevation; depression; opposition.
15. Which of the movements is only possible from ball & socket joints? Which of the movements are: foot movements; arm movements? Which of the movements is a defining primate characteristic?
Joint Disorders
16. Define: sprain; dislocation; subluxation; bursitis; tendonitis.
17. How is cartilage damage within a joint generally treated? How are inflammatory joint conditions generally treated?
18. Define: arthritis; rheumatism. Distinguish among the major forms of arthritis (cause, symptoms & treatment).
Muscle Types & Functions
19. Distinguish among the 3 types of muscle tissue (voluntary or involuntary movement; striations; fiber length; location).
20. Identify 4 major muscle functions. Describe 4 physiological characteristics of muscles (in response to a stimulus).
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
21. Identify & give the location of the 3 connective tissue coverings associated with a skeletal muscle.
22. Define with respect to a skeletal muscle: origin; insertion; direct attachment; indirect attachment.
23. Define with respect to a skeletal muscle: sarcolemma; sarcoplasm; sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcomere.
24. Define with respect to a skeletal muscle: A-bands; I-bands; elastic filaments (tutin); z-disc; t-tubules.
25. Identify the major components of the: thin filaments; thick filaments.
26. Give the function for each of the following in skeletal muscle cells: actin; myosin; tropomyosin; troponin complex.
27. Identify the subunits of the troponin complex & indicate the general function of each.
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
28. Outline the general mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction, from nervous system stimulation of the muscle to contraction. (could involve several questions on test)
29. Which specific event during muscle contraction requires energy? What is the form/source of this energy?
30. Define: resting potential (voltage of resting cell); depolarization; repolarization; concentration gradient; electrochemical gradient.
31. Define neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitter is bound by skeletal muscle cells? What type of neuron delivers the neurotransmitter?
32. What is the result of a neurotransmitter binding to receptors on a skeletal muscle cell?
33. Identify the 3 major ions (electrolytes) that function during skeletal muscle contraction & give the general function of each.
34. What events are required to return a skeletal muscle cell to a restiung state following contraction?
35. Define: muscle twitch; tetanus; isotonic contraction; isometric contraction.
36. Define: substrate-level (direct) phosphorylation; aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration. From what input molecule do these processes produce energy? What is the ATP yield of each?
37. Describe the structural differences between smooth muscle & skeletal muscle (connective tissue coverings; size; shape; mrofilaments).
38. What is the difference in calcium binding/signalling between smooth muscle & skeletal muscle?
39. Do smooth muscle cells generally use the same neurotransmitter as skeltal muscle cells? Why?
Levers, Fascicle Arrangement & Muscle Group Coordination
40. Identify the 3 major lever types of lever systems. Which is the most common type of lever used by skeletal muscles in association with joints?
41. Describe the appearance of the following muscle fascicle arrangements: parallel; fusiform; circular; triangular; pennate (be able to recognize the shapes).
42. Define with respect to muscle group coordination: agonist; antagonist; synergist; fixator. Give an example of each.
Principal Skeletal Muscles
43. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) of the head. For each, give the general location & function.
44. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) of the neck. For each, give the general location & function.
45. Identify the muscles that move the eyeballs. What nerves control movement of these muscles?
46. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) of the abdominal wall. For each, give the general location & function.
47. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) used in breathing. Which is the dominant breathing muscle.
48. List the major muscles used in: forceful inhalation; forceful exhalation (spans several muscle categories in the notes).
49. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) that move the pectoral girdle (scapula). For each, give the general location & function.
50. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) that move the humerus. For each, give the general location & function.
51. Identify the flexors that move the radius & ulna. Where on the arm are these muscles located?
52. Identify the extensor that moves the radius & ulna. Where on the arm is this muscle located?
53. Identify the pronators & supinators of the radius & ulna.
54. Identify the flexors that move the wrist & hand. Where on the arm are these muscles located?
55. Identify the extensors that move the wrist & hand. Where on the arm are these muscles located?
56. List the major muscles (covered in class/notes) that move the femur. For each, give the general location & function.
57. Identify the flexor(s) that move the tibia & fibula (muscle group & individual muscles). Where on the leg are these muscles located?
58. Identify the extensor(s) that moves the tibia & fibula (muscle group & individual muscles). Where on the leg are these muscles located?
59. Identify the dorsiflexors that move the ankle & foot. Where on the leg are these muscles located?
60. Identify the plantar flexors that moves the ankle & foot. Where on the leg are these muscles located?
Function & Organization of the Nervous System
61. Describe the 3 basic functions of the nervous system.
62. Outline the organization of the nervous system & identify its major branches.
63. Give the general function of the following: sensory division of PNS; motor division of PNS.
64. Give the general function of the following: somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic division of ANS; parasympathetic division of ANS.
Histology of Nervous Tissue
65. List the general characteristics of neurons. How do they differ from other cells in the body?
66. Define: cell body; axon; dendrite.
67. Define: ganglia; nuclei; tracts; nerves.
68. Define: Nissl body; neurofibril; axolemma; axon terminal.
69. Describe the myelin sheath of a myelinated neuron (what is made from & how is it made?). What is its function?
70. Define: neurolemma; nodes of Ranvier; white matter; gray matter.
Classification of Neurons
71. Distinguish among the following structural types of neurons & indicate where they are typically found: multipolar neuron; biplar neuron; unipolar neuron.
72. Distinguish among the following functional types of neurons & indicate where they are typically found: sensory neuron; motor neuron; interneuron.
Supporting Cells of Nervous System
73. Describe the appearance & function of the following neuroglial cells: astrocytes; microglia; ependymal cells; oligodendrocytes. Where are these supporting cells found (CNS or PNS)?
74. Describe the appearance & function of the following neuroglial cells: Schwann cells; satellite cells. Where are these supporting cells found (CNS or PNS)?
Neurophysiology & Membrane Potentials
75. Define: voltage; current; resistance.
76. Define: passive (leakage) channel; chemically-gated channel; voltage-gated channel.
77. Define: resting membrane potential; graded potential; action potential; threshold voltage.
78. Define: concentration gradient; electrochemical gradient. How do electrochemical gradients produce action potentials in neurons?
79. Indicate the distribution of the following ions with respect to a resting neuron (are they more concentrated inside or outside cell?): sodium; potassium; chloride.
80. Define: depolarization; repolarization; hyperpolarization.
81. Describe the events occurring in a neuron during the following phases in the generation of the action potential: resting state; depolarizing phase.
82. Describe the following phases in the reversal of the action potential: repolarizing phase; undershoot.
83. Define: absolute refractory period; relative refractory period. What is their significance in impulse conduction & generation of action potentials?
84. List the factors that might increase speed of conduction in axons. What is saltatory conduction and how does it differ from continuous conduction? What might be the result of destruction/removal of the myelin sheath in a myelinated axon?
85. List the types of nerve fibers as defined by axon diameter, in order of increasing diameter.
Signal Transmission at Synapses
86. Define: synapse; electrical synapse; chemical synapse.
87. Define: excitatory synapse; inhibitory synapse. What is the effect of activation of each on the resting membrane potential (depolarization/hyperpolarization)?
88. Define: temporal summation; spatial summation.
Neurotransmitters
89. Identify the major classes of neurotransmitters & list the major neurotransmitters in each class.
90. Describe the general function of the following neurotransmitters: acetylcholine; norepinephrine & epinephrine; dopamine; serotonin; substance P; endorphins.
91. What are the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain? What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
92. What is the role of nitric oxide & how does it differ from other neurotransmitters?
93. Describe the roles of agonists & antagonists in neurotransmitter function.
Neural Circuits & Nerve Cell Regeneration
94. Distinguish among the following types of neural circuits: series circuit; diverging circuit; converging circuit; reverberating circuit; parallel after-discharge circuit.
95. What is the role of each of the following in nerve cell regeneration: Wallerian degeneration; regeneration tube; Schwann cell.