Study Questions Exam 1
1. Define: anatomy; physiology.
2. Distinguish among the major fields of anatomy: gross anatomy; microanatomy (cytology & histology); regional anatomy; systemic anatomy; surface anatomy; developmental anatomy (embryology).
Characteristics of Living Things
3. Identify 6 major levels of organization in living things, & order the levels from least to most inclusive/complex.
4. Define: atom; molecule; cell; tissue; organ.
5. Identify the 4 basic tissue types.
6. Identify the major function of the following systems: integumentary system; skeletal system; muscular system; nervous system; endocrine system; cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; immune system; respiratory system; digestive system; urinary system; reproductive system.
7. Define: palpation; auscultation; percussion.
8. Define: metabolism; anabolism; catabolism.
9. Identify 6 basic life functions of organisms.
10. Define: homeostasis; negative feedback; positive feedback. Give an example of a negative feedback and a positive feedback mechanism.
11. Identify the 3 major serous membranes of the body & the structure(s) each surrounds.
12. What are the 2 layers of a serous membrane & where are they in relation to surrounding organs/structures.
Anatomical Terminology
13. Define anatomical position.
14. Know basic definitions & be able to apply them for directional terms.
15. Define: sagittal plane; midsagittal plane; parasagittal plane.
16. Define: frontal plane; transverse plane; oblique plane.
17. Identify the 2 major body cavities. List the cavities contained within each.
18. Identify the 2 major divisions of the ventral body cavity & the cavities within each.
19. Know the position of the 9 abdominopelvic regions & 4 abdominopelvic quadrants. Be able to associate them using directional terms.
Organization of Matter
20. Define matter. What is matter composed of?
21. Define: atom; proton; neutron; electron.
22. Define atomic number. How does this relate to the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
23. Define: atomic mass; atomic weight. Be able to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom given the atomic number and atomic mass.
24. Define: isotope; radioisotope. Give an example of an isotope.
25. Identify the elements that make up most of the mass of the human body.
26. What is the maximum number of bonding electrons for the: 1st energy level; 2nd energy level; 3rd energy level.
27. Define valence electron. Be able to identify the number of valence electrons for a given atom (using periodic table).
Chemical Bonds
28. Define octet rule. What is the major factor governing bonding of atoms?
29. Define: ionic bond; (nonpolar) covalent bond; polar covalent bond. Give an example of each type of bond and identify the types of atoms that prefer each bond type.
30. Define hydrogen bond. Why do hydrogen bonds form and how do they differ from ionic and covalent bonds?
Energy & Chemical Reactions
31. Define energy: potential energy; kinetic energy. Describe 4 major forms of energy. What type of energy is generally released during energy conversions?
32. Define: endergonic reaction; exergonic reaction. Give an example of each.
33. Identify 4 factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction and indicate the effect of each on reaction rate.
34. Define: synthesis reaction; decomposition reaction; exchange reaction. Give an example of each.
Inorganic Compounds & Solutions
35. Define: organic molecule; inorganic molecule. Identify the types of molecules that are organic molecules and inorganic molecules.
36. Identify the properties of water that make it a good solvent for living things.
37. Define: dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis. What types of molecules use these reactions in their metabolism?
38. Define the following types of mixtures: solution; suspension; colloid. Give an example of each type of mixture.
39. Define pH. Be able to identify the pH of a solution given the hydrogen ion concentration or vice-versa.
40. Define: acid; base; salt. Give the pH range for each.
41. Define buffer. What is the major buffer system in blood and what are its components?
Organic Compounds
42. Identify the 2 major classes of carbohydrates. What is the basic structural unit of a carbohydrate?
43. Give 3 examples of each of the following: monosaccharides; disaccharides. Identify the function &/or location of each.
44. Give the function &/or location of the following: glycogen; starch; cellulose. What type of carbohydrate are these molecules?
45. Identify the basic structural unit of lipids (neutral fats) in the body and give its structural composition.
46. Define: saturated fatty acid; unsaturated fatty acid. What type of lipids contain each type?
47. Where in the cell would phospholipids be located? How are phospholipids different from triglycerides?
48. What molecule are steroids based upon (what is their structural building block)? Identify 3 functions of steroids in cells.
49. What is the structural building block of a protein, and how do they bond together to form a polypeptide?
50. What are the major functional groups of an amino acid? How many different amino acids are there typically in a cell?
51. Identify the 4 levels of protein structure and indicate the structural form of each.
52. Define denaturation. Why is this damaging to proteins or enzymes?
53. Define the structure and function of an enzyme.
54. What is the structural building block of a nucleic acid? What are its 3 functional groups?
55. What is complementary base pairing? Which bases in nucleic acids bond together? What type of bonds do they use?
56. Define: mRNA; rRNA; tRNA.
57. Outline the differences between DNA and RNA with respect to the following: pentose sugar; bases; overall structure.
58. What is ATP? What is it used for in cells?
Parts of a Cell
59. Define cell. What are the 3 major subunits of a cell?
The Plasma Membrane & Membrane Transport
60. Identify the function & structural composition of the plasma membrane. What is the significance of the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane (what makes it fluid & a mosaic)?
61. Identify the major structural components of the plasma membrane and indicate the basic function of each component.
62. Identify 5 major protein types of the plasma membrane and indicate the basic function of each.
63. Identify the 2 major gradient types across the plasma membrane and indicate the movement associated with each.
64. Define: diffusion; osmosis; facilitated diffusion; filtration. Are these passive or active transport mechanisms? Why?
65. Define: isotonic solution; hypotonic solution; hypertonic solution. What happens to a human cell placed in each of these solutions?
66. Define active transport. Why is energy required for active transport? What is secondary active transport?
67. Define: exocytosis; endocytosis; transcytosis.
68. Identify the 3 major forms of endocytosis and indicate what is being transported into the cell for each type.
Cytoplasm & Cellular Organelles
69. Define cytoskeleton. Identify its 3 major components & give a brief description of each.
70. What are microvilli? What types of cells would benefit from microvilli? Why?
71. Define: centriole; cilia; flagella. What is the common structural subunit of each?
72. Where are ribosomes located in a cell? What are ribosomes composed of? What is their function?
73. Indicate the function of the following: rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex.
74. What is the connection between the rough ER & the Golgi complex? What is the connection between the Golgi complex and lysosomes?
75. Indicate the function of the following: lysosomes; proteasomes; peroxisomes; vacuoles.
76. What is the function of the mitochondrion? Describe the structure of the mitochondrion? How is it different from other organelles?
77. Define: nucleus; nuclear envelope; nucleolus; chromatin; chromosome.
Gene Expression (Transcription & Translation)
78. Define: transcription; translation. Where does each occur in a cell?
79. Describe the process of transcription. What enzyme controls transcription? What are the 3 types of RNA that can be made?
80. Be able to give the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule resulting from a given DNA sequence.
81. Define codon. What is the start codon for translation and what amino acid does it code for? What are the 3 stop codons? Do the stop codons code for amino acids?
82. Be able to identify the number of amino acids in a peptide resulting from a given DNA/mRNA sequence.
83. How many chromosomes are in a normal diploid human cell? What is a gamete? How many chromosomes are in a gamete?
Cell Division
84. Define: interphase; mitosis; cytokinesis.
85. Identify the 3 stages of interphase & indicate what¹s happening in a cell during each stage.
86. Define the following with respect to DNA synthesis: DNA helicase; DNA polymerase; unidirectional; leading strand; lagging strand; proofreading; semiconservative.
87. Identify the major features of the following phases of mitosis: prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase.