Biology
110 Course Objectives
Chapter 1
Define
anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology
Name the levels of
organization of the body and explain each
Name the organ systems of
the body
Define homeostasis and give
an example of a typical homeostatic mechanism
Describe the anatomical
position
Describe the sagittal, midsagittal, transverse and frontal planes
Use proper terminology to
describe the location of body parts with respect to one another
Name the body cavities,
their membranes and some organs within each cavity
Explain the four quadrants
of the abdomen and name the organs in those areas
Define matter, element,
atom, proton, neutron, and electron
Using symbols, name some common
elements found in the body
Describe what happens in
synthesis and decomposition reactions
Explain the importance of
water to the function of the body
Describe where water is
found in the body
Explain the roles of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in cell respiration
Explain pH and state normal
pH ranges in body fluids
Explain how a buffer system
resists major pH changes
Describe the functions and
types of sugars, fats, and proteins
Explain how enzymes function
as catalysts
Describe the function of
DNA, RNA and ATP
Name the organic molecules
that make up the cell membrane and state their functions
State the arrangement of the
molecules in the cell membrane
State the five functions of
proteins in the cell membrane
Describe the cytoplasm
Describe how the cell
membrane regulates the composition of the cytoplasm
Explain isotonic, hypotonic
and hypertonic solutions and their effects of the cell
State the function of the
nucleus and chromosomes
Describe the function of the
cell organelles
Define each of these
cellular transport mechanisms and give an example of the role of each in the
body; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, filtration,
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Describe what happens in
mitosis and meiosis and describe the importance of each
Describe the four major
categories of tissues and give general characteristics of each
Describe the function of
epithelial tissue depending on their location
Describe the functions of
connective tissue and relate them to the function of the body or an organ
system
Explain the basic
differences between smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle
Describe in brief nervous
tissue
Name the organs made of
nerve tissue
Describe the location of
pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, and the peritoneum/mesentery
State the location of mucous
membranes and state the function of mucus
Name some membranes made of
connective tissue
State the three functions of
the integumentary system
Name the two layers of skin
State the location and
function of the stratum comeum and the stratum germinativum
Describe the function of melanocytes and melanin
Describe the function of
hair and nails
Describe the functions of
the secretions of sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands
and eccrine sweat glands
Describe how the arterioles
in the dermis respond to heat, cold and stress
Name the tissues that make
up the subcutaneous layer and describe their functions
Describe the function of the
skeleton
Explain how bones are classified
and give an example of each
Describe how the embryonic
skeleton is replaced by bone
State the nutrients
necessary for bone growth
Name the hormones involved
in bone growth and maintenance
Explain what is meant by
exercise for bones and explain its importance
Identify the two major
subdivisions of the skeleton and list the bones in each area
Explain how joints are
classified, give an example of each, and describe the movements possible
Describe the parts of a
synovial joint and explain their function
Describe muscle structure in
terms of muscle cells, tendons and bones
Describe the difference
between antagonistic and synergistic muscles
Name the energy sources for
muscle contraction and state the simple equation for cell respiration
Explain the importance of
hemoglobin and myoglobin and oxygen debt and lactic
acid
Describe the neuromuscular
junction and explain the function for each part
Describe the structure of a sarcomere
Explain polarization,
depolarization and repolarization in terms of ions
and charges
Describe the sliding
filament theory of muscle contraction
State the major muscles of
the body and their functions
Chapter 8
Name the divisions of the
nervous system and state the general functions of each
Name the parts of a neuron
and function of each
Explain the importance of
Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and neuroglia
in the central nervous system
Describe the electrical
nerve impulse and impulse transmission at the synapse
Describe the types of
neurons, nerves and nerve tracts
Explain the importance of
stretch reflexes and flexor reflexes
Describe the reflex arc
State the functions of the
parts of the brain and locate each part on a diagram
Name the meninges and
describe their locations
State the locations and functions of cerebrospinal
fluid
Explain the general purpose of sensations
Name the parts of the sensory pathway and the general
functions of each part
Describe the characteristics of sensations
Name the cutaneous senses and explain their purpose
Explain referred pain and explain its importance
Explain the importance of proprioception,
or muscle sense
Chapter 9
Describe the pathways for the senses of smell and
taste and explain how these senses are interrelated
Name the parts of the eye and explain their function
in sight
Name the parts of the ear and explain their function
in hearing
Describe the physiology of equilibrium
Chapter 10
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
Define hormone and prostaglandin
Identify the primary endocrine glands and list the
major hormones secreted by each
Explain the roles of positive and negative feedback
mechanisms in hormone secretions
Describe the relationship between parathyroid hormone
and calcitonin
Describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon
Explain what prostaglandins are made of and state
some of their functions
Explain how protein hormones are believed to exert
their effects
Explain how steroid hormones are believed to exert
their effects
Chapter 11
List the formed elements of blood and state the
primary functions of each
Name the hemopoietic
tissues and the kinds of blood cells each produces
Describe what happens to red blood cells at the end
of their life span including the fate of hemoglobin
Explain the ABO and Rh
blood types
Name the five kinds of white blood cells and the
functions of each
State what platelets are and explain how they are
involved in hemostasis
Describe the three stages of blood clotting
Explain how abnormal clotting is prevented in the
vascular system
Chapter 12
Describe the location of the heart in terms of body
cavities and relationship to other structures
Name the chambers of the heart and the vessels that
enter or leave each
State the valves of the heart and their function
State how heart sounds are created
Trace the pathway of a blood cell throughout the body
Describe coronary circulation
Describe the cardiac conduction pathway and its
relationship to a normal electrocardiogram
Explain stroke volume, cardiac output and Starling’s
law of the heart
Explain how the nervous system regulates the function
of the heart
Describe the structure and function of each of the
blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries
Describe the exchange of gases that occur at the
capillary level
Name the major systemic arteries and the parts of the
body they nourish
Name the major systemic veins and the parts of the
body they drain of blood
Define blood pressure and state the normal ranges for
the systolic and diastolic indices
Chapter 13
Describe the functions of the lymphatic system
State how lymph is formed
Describe the system of lymph vessels and explain how
lymph is returned to the blood
State the location and function of lymph nodules and
nodes
Define immunity
Explain the role of the thymus in immunity
Explain the differences between humeral immunity and
cell-mediated immunity
Compare and contrast the development and function of
B cells and T cells
Describe the differences between acquired immunity
and genetic immunity
Explain how vaccines work
Chapter 14
State the pathway of the respiratory system,
including nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx
State the function of the turbinates
in the nasal cavity
Describe the structure and function of the larynx and
the speaking mechanism
State the roles of the visceral and parietal pleura
in respiration
State the changes in air pressure within the thoracic
cavity during respiration
Explain the diffusion of gases in external and
internal respiration
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are
transported in the blood
Explain the nervous and chemical mechanisms that
regulate respiration
Explain how respiration affects the pH of certain
body fluids
Chapter 15
Describe the general function of the digestive system
and name the major divisions
Identify the accessory organs of digestion
Explain the difference between mechanical and
chemical digestion
Describe the structure and function of the tooth and
tongue
Explain the function of saliva
Describe the location and function of the pharynx and
esophagus
List and describe the four layers of the alimentary
canal
Describe the difference in absorption between the
large and small intestine
Describe the function of the normal flora in the
colon
Define peristalsis
Define chyme
State the normal range of body temperature
Define metabolism, catabolism and anabolism
State the different ways heat is generated and lost
in the body
State why the hypothalamus is the thermostat of the
body
State what the products of cell respiration are and
how the body disposes of them
Describe the metabolic roles of fats, glucose and
proteins
Define kilocalories
Chapter 16
Describe the water compartments and the name for the water in each
Explain how water moves between the compartments
Explain how water is taken in by the body and exits the body
Describe the location and general function of each
organ in the urinary system
Name the parts of a nephron
Define glomerular
filtration rate
Describe how the kidneys function in maintaining
normal blood volume and pressure
Describe how the kidneys help to maintain normal
blood pH and electrolyte balance
State the hormones that affect kidney function
Explain the interaction between capillary blood
pressure and blood proteins
Describe the characteristics
of normal urine
Chapter 17
Define diploid and haploid
Describe the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Define gametes
Name the hormones necessary for the formation of
gametes
List the essential and accessory reproductive organs
of the male and female and give the general function of each
Identify and describe the structures that constitute
external genitals in both sexes
Name the parts of a sperm cell
Define endometrium
Briefly describe the life cycle of an oocyte
Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in hormone levels and
the condition of the endometrium
Chapter 18
Beginning with fertilization, describe the major
developmental changes during gestation
Describe the structure and function of the placenta
and umbilical coal
Describe the difference between fetal
circulation/respiration and adult circulation/ respiration
State the length of an average gestation period
Describe the states of labor
Describe the major changes that take place in an
infant at birth
Chapter 19
Define genetic disease
Explain how genes can cause disease
Define homologous chromosomes, autosomes,
sex chromosomes and genes
Define alleles, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and
heterozygous
Discuss the difference between dominant and recessive
traits
List some important genetic diseases