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History of Astronomy and
Space Research
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A head-on collision between two galaxies located 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. The blue ring of the large galaxy is a collection of newly formed stars. A shock wave rippled through the large galaxy when the smaller one punched through it. This shock wave triggered a circular wave of star formation. Image: Kirk Borne (STScI) and NASA |
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Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
Introduction
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Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot, poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during Apollo 11 extravehicular activity on the lunar surface. Image: NASA |
Since humans first saw the stars we have had an overwhelming curiosity about space and space travel. For us to fully appreciate the accomplishments of current space research such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Mars Explorer we must explore the rich history of astronomy and space research. Libraries and the ability to connect to the internet sites of NASA, universities and private research organizations provide the tools required to access both rich data that includes both graphic and text.
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
The Task
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Resembling an aerial fireworks explosion, this dramatic picture of the energetic star WR124 reveals it is surrounded by hot clumps of gas being ejected into space at speeds of over 100,000 miles per hour. The massive, hot, central star is known as a Wolf-Rayet star. This extremely rare and short-lived class of super-hot star is going through a violent transitional phase. The star is 15,000 light-years away, located in the constellation Sagittarius. Image: NASA |
Your team's mission is to select a topic related to astronomy, space exploration, or space travel, research that topic from a historical stand point and create an electronic timeline that describes the development of the topic throughout history.
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Galileo |
Ptolemy |
Life on other Planets |
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Newton |
Mars Exploration |
Radio Astronomy |
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Telescopes |
Russian Space Flights |
Space Shuttle |
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Astronauts |
Rocket Technology |
Planet Formation |
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Apollo Flights |
UFO's |
Space Junk |
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Black Holes |
Copernican Model |
Your Own Idea |
Your timeline must include images with descriptions of developments that describe how the development impacted society. Click to view a Sample Timeline for Stellar Astronomy.
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
Copyright Neil Brandt 1994. Please see the Copyright Notice.
-134 : Hipparchus creates the magnitude scale of stellar apparent luminosities
1596 : David Fabricus notices that Mira's brightness varies
1672 : Geminiano Montanari notices that Algol's brightness varies
1686 : Gottfried Kirch notices that Chi Cygni's brightness varies
1718 : Edmund Halley discovers stellar proper motions by comparing his astrometric measurements with those of the Greeks
1782 : John Goodricke notices that the brightness variations of Algol are periodic and proposes that it is partially eclipsed by a body
: moving around it
1784 : Edward Piggot discovers the first Cepheid variable star
1838 : Thomas Henderson, Friedrich Struve, and Friedrich Bessel measure stellar parallaxes
1844 : Friedrich Bessel explains the wobbling motions of Sirius and Procyon by suggesting that these stars have dark companions
1906 : Arthur Eddington begins his statistical study of stellar motions
1908 : Henrietta Leavitt discovers the Cepheid period-luminosity relation
1910 : Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell study the relation between magnitudes and spectral types of stars
1924 : Arthur Eddington develops the main-sequence mass-luminosity relationship
1929 : George Gamow proposes hydrogen fusion as the energy source for stars
1938 : Hans Bethe and Carl von Weizsäcker detail the proton-proton chain and CNO cycle in stars
1939 : Rupert Wildt realizes the importance of the negative hydrogen ion for stellar opacity
1952 : Walter Baade distinguishes between Cepheid I and Cepheid II variable stars
1953 : Fred Hoyle predicts a carbon-12 resonance to allow stellar triple alpha reactions at reasonable stellar interior temperatures
1961 : Chushiro Hayashi publishes his work on the Hayashi track of fully convective stars
1963 : Fred Hoyle and William Fowler conceive the idea of supermassive stars
1964 : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Richard Feynman develop a general relativistic theory of stellar pulsations and show that
: supermassive stars are subject to a general relativistic instability
1967 : Gerry Neugebauer and Eric Becklin discover the Becklin-Neugebauer object at 10 microns
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
Resources
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A crew member aboard the space shuttle Atlantis used an electronic still-camera to capture this view of the approaching Mir space station during rendezvous and pre-docking operations. Image: NASA |
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
The Process
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The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space-based observatory roughly the size of a school bus, and orbits 600 kilometers above the Earth. A telescope in space allows astronomers to observe objects without interference from the Earth's atmosphere. Since 1990 the HST has produced some of the most spectacular astronomical images to date. Image: NASA |
Continue to information until lunchtime. Switch roles so everybody gets a chance in each role.
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
Evaluation
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The "Pathfinder" solar powered aircraft. Image: NASA |
Your research, timeline, and presentation will be judged using the following Evaluation Rubric that follows. The team receiving the highest rating will be given a small prize.
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
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Beginning |
Developing |
Accomplished |
Exemplary |
Score |
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Contribute |
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Research & Gather Information |
Does not collect any information that relates to the topic. |
Collects very little information--some relates to the topic. |
Collects some basic information--most relates to the topic. |
Collects a great deal of information--all relates to the topic. |
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Share Information |
Does not relay any information to teammates. |
Relays very little information--some relates to the topic. |
Relays some basic information--most relates to the topic. |
Relays a great deal of information--all relates to the topic. |
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Be Punctual |
Does not hand in any assignments. |
Hands in most assignments late. |
Hands in most assignments on time. |
Hands in all assignments on time. |
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Take Responsibility |
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Fulfill Team Role's Duties |
Does not perform any duties of assigned team role. |
Performs very little duties. |
Performs nearly all duties. |
Performs all duties of assigned team role. |
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Participate in Science Conference |
Does not speak during the science conference. |
Either gives too little information or information which is irrelevant to topic. |
Offers some information--most is relevant. |
Offers a fair amount of important information--all is relevant. |
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Share Equally |
Always relys on others to do the work. |
Rarely does the assigned work--often needs reminding. |
Usually does the assigned work--rarely needs reminding. |
Always does the assigned work without having to be reminded. |
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Value Others' Viewpoints |
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Listen to Other Teammates |
Is always talking--never allows anyone else to speak. |
Usually doing most of the talking--rarely allows others to speak. |
Listens, but sometimes talks too much. |
Listens and speaks a fair amount. |
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Cooperate with Teammates |
Usually argues with teammates. |
Sometimes argues. |
Rarely argues. |
Never argues with teammates. |
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Make Fair Decisions |
Usually wants to have things their way. |
Often sides with friends instead of considering all views. |
Usually considers all views. |
Always helps team to reach a fair decision. |
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Total |
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Source: http://edweb.sdw.edu/triton/tidepoolunit/tidepool.html
Conclusion
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This original artwork depicts the Pioneer-Venus probe entering Venusian atmosphere. When the probe hit the atmosphere it glowed, which is a similar reaction as when meteorites hit the Earth's atmosphere. The bus of Pioneer did not carry a heat shield, therefore the artist's illustration is a more spectacular image. As a result of not possessing a heat shield, the Pioneer eventually burned up completely after being confronted with the atmosphere. Image: Don Davis and NASA |
The future of space exploration is exciting and lets us use our imaginations. As we venture into the future and space lets not forget the past that got us here.
TOP | Introduction | Task | Resources | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Back to Summer Institute Page
Last updated 05/29/2000
Based on a template from The Webquest Page.